There are much more negative pronouns than listed above.
You can make up your own negative pronouns once you know how they are formed. You should
be familiar with the interrogative pronouns from our previous lessons. The negative pronouns are formed from
the interrogative pronouns with the help of such prefixes as не-
and ни-. For example:
| Interrogative
pronoun |
Negative
pronoun |
| кто |
никто |
| сколько |
нисколько |
| что |
нечто |
| когда |
некогда |
Note that не-
is always stressed. It is used to negate. On the contrary, the prefix ни-
is never stressed. It is used to intensify negation. Here are some examples:
Я ничего
не делал.
I was doing nothing. |
ни- is used to intensify the negation formed by the verb делал
and the particle не. |
Мне нечего
делать.
I have nothing to do. |
нe- is used to show that an action can not be performed because there is
no an object (i.e. there is nothing to do) |
The negative pronouns никто, ничто
change
by cases like their interrogative counterparts кто, что.
Change by cases
| Case |
никто |
ничто |
| Nominative |
никто |
ничто |
| Genitive |
никого |
ничего |
| Dative |
никому |
ничему |
| Accusative |
никого |
ничего |
| Instrumental |
никем |
ничем |
| Prepositional |
ни о ком |
ни о чём |
The negative pronouns некого, нечего do
not have the nominative form.
Change by cases
| Case |
некого |
нечего |
| Nominative |
-- |
-- |
| Genitive |
некого |
нечего |
| Dative |
некому |
нечему |
| Accusative |
некого |
нечто |
| Instrumental |
некем |
нечем |
| Prepositional |
не с кем |
не о чем |
The negative pronouns никакой, ничей change
by gender and number.
| Singular |
Plural
(any gender) |
| masculine |
neuter |
feminine |
| никакой |
никакое |
никакая |
никакие |
| ничей |
ничьё |
ничья |
ничьи |
These pronouns change by cases the same way as negative
pronouns they were formed from.
Change by cases
| Case |
никакой |
ничей |
| Nominative |
никакой |
ничей |
| Genitive |
никакого |
ничьего |
| Dative |
никакому |
ничьему |
| Accusative |
никого (animate)
никакой (inanimate) |
ничьего (animate)
ничей (inanimate) |
| Instrumental |
никаким |
ничьим |
| Prepositional |
ни о каком |
ни о чьём |
The pronouns некого, нечего
are used in impersonal sentences, i.e. those that do not refer to a particular person or thing. For
example:
Нам некого и нечего бояться.
We have nobody and nothing to fear.
When used with prepositions, the negative pronouns fall
into two parts. The preposition is to be placed between the particle не
or ни and corresponding
interrogative pronoun (кого, кем, etc.). For example:
| Negative
pronoun |
Pronoun
with preposition |
Example |
| никого |
ни у
кого |
Ни у
кого нет книги.
Nobody has a book. |
| некого |
не у кого |
Мне не у кого
спросить.
I have nobody to ask. |
| некому |
не к
кому |
Ему не
к кому обратиться.
He has nobody to address to. |
| никем |
ни с кем |
Он ни с кем не
хочеть дружить.
He does not want to be friends with anybody. |
Finally, there are some more examples to demonstrate the
stress pattern. Compare the following sentences:
| не |
ни |
Некому
приехать к родителям.
There is nobody to visit parents. |
Никому
не надо приезжать.
Nobody has to visit. |
Ребёнку не
с кем играть.
The child has nobody to play with. |
Ребёнок ни
с кем не хочет играть.
The child does not want to play with anybody. |
Мне нечем
рисовать.
I have nothing to draw with. |
Я ничем
не хочу рисовать.
I do not want to draw with anyting. |